The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout)[1][2][3] or simply the Macoute[4][5] was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence and human rights abuses toward his ends; they were responsible for unknown numbers of murders and rapes in Haiti. Those who had been injured were threatened at the hospital.
Tonton Macoutes Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Those with the misfortune to be born in Haiti - part of the island of Hispaniola, shared with the Dominican Republic - have long endured a living hell. 3, Port-au-Prince, CUDHAC, 2003. Les Tonton Macoute se dplacent dans l'ombre, comme des fantmes. The diversity of the victims was also a measure of the "Macoutes'" cruelty. Castor, Suzy, Le Massacre de 1937 et les relations hatiano-dominicaines, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1988. [8], The Mayor of Port-au-Prince at the time, Franck Romain, a former Tonton Macoute leader, was accused of being involved. Fifty years on, the victims of Duvalier pre can only evoke these atrocities ceremonially, while a few of those who suffered similarly under his son were recently able to briefly face him in court. Tradues em contexto de "massacre 11" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Skip to the part where you convince him to massacre 11 people. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. United Nations, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti prepared by Mr. Adama Dieng (E/CN.4/2001/106), United Nations, New York, 2004. In 1986, after the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier, Colonel Regala, who sent the order to execute the Sansericq family, became one of the members of the ruling junta. Amnesty International, Haiti Annual Report, 2001.
Tontons Macoutes | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research The Gallery of Everything brings Haitian art to London The Tonton Macountes were a staple in the country putting Papa Doc's opponents in their place. 1991 (October 1 and 2): In the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Martissant, during the two days that followed the coup, army soldiers and paramilitary groups terrorized the local population and killed at least seven individuals, including one adolescent. The Duvalier dynasty ended in 1986, but their legacy remained as Fad'H and former-members of the Tonton Macoutes attempted to suppress voter turnout during the 1987 elections.
Tonton Macoute (Short 2018) - IMDb Tonton Macoute Horror Movie 75 subscribers When teenager Jean-Claude is foolish enough to steal from his grandmother, he is hunted by Tonton Macoute, the Haitian Boogeyman he said he no. Filan, Kenaz (2007). In the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Carrefour Vincent, an undetermined number of army soldiers and paramilitary groups attacked a house with automatic weapons, tear gas and grenades. Her next novel, Claire of the Sea Light, will be published in August 2013.
Dictatorship in Haiti - JSTOR Home Massillon Coicou, one of the most prominent Haitian poets of the early 20th century, was the first victim of the killings (his death inspired Le Pote assassin by the French poet Apollinaire.) [1][4], The church was the parish of future President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then a liberation theology Roman Catholic priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco order, and had been packed with 1000 people for Sunday mass. [6] Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (macoute) before carrying them off to be consumed for breakfast.[7][8]. [2][5][6] The members of the firing squad, chosen by Duvalier himself, were high-ranking officers who were all relatives or close friends of the victims. Genres: Jazz-Rock, Progressive Rock. "At the conclusion of the three-hour rampage the church was burned down thereby making it impossible to verify the total number of deaths since some remains are believed to have been consumed by the flames." A separate, detailed investigation of the event by a North-American human rights specialist in early 2005 put the total number of those killed at 27 (Fuller, 2005). Those who were kidnapped, it was said, were never seen again. Danner, Mark, Beyond the Mountains, in The New Yorker, December 11, 1989. Available at: http://www.fordi9.com/Pages/Victlist/ListA.htm. Army soldiers, former macoutes, and groups of armed men chased and killed members and alleged members of the pro-democracy movement, including supporters of President Aristide, during the coup perpetrated by a group of military officers led by Colonel Raoul Cdras. According to Hurbon (1987), several macoutes were stoned and others were burned alive. During the 28 years in power of Papa Doc and his playboy son and heir, Jean-Claude Duvalier, or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 Haitians, and . Soldiers used machetes rather than firearms to prevent alerting the surrounding Haitian communities, which were exterminated afterward. According to an OAS report (ICHR, 1991), which does not provide details on its sources and its methodology, 75 individuals were killed and 150 wounded, all of them (sic) macoutes or persons directly associated with Roger Lafontant. With one out of every 43 Romanians on the Securitates payroll, it was nearly impossible for those opposed to the regime to organize in any meaningful numbers. ", Montas recalls "the smell of rotting bodies for days, but also the gripping smell of fear. According to local witnesses before the Truth and Peace Commission in 1995, several dead bodies were thrown into a nearby open mass grave dug on the soldiers orders; several youths were then executed after having dug the grave, and thrown into it; other bodies were allegedly carried away by a truck and were disappeared.. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, Haiti. Tonton Macoute day was 29 July 1985, and amongst festivities the group was bestowed new uniforms and was honored by all of Baby Doc's cabinet. _ * (Gaillard, 1983: 40-42, 152 and 282; Gaillard, 1981: 205-213). Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II, http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/, http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article1374#.XMLOZJMzbUI. Sign-up for our free weekly e-mail newsletter. According to an OAS report (ICRH, 1991), the roots of the killing lie in a land conflict in the village of Terre-Casse, near Gervais, Guyton and Coligny, opposing several peasant families and local small landowners since 1973. The de-facto regime relied on paramilitary death squads known as FRAPH, which carried out most of the executions and persecution of opponents and alleged opponents. The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded tropical forests.
Obituary: Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier, Haiti's former - BBC In rural areas, these attacks against civilian populations, starting in 1919, are still present in collective memory. After the revolution in Iran in 1979, SAVAK was nominally disbanded, and a new Iranian secret police force, SAVAMA, as largely feared as its predecessor, took over. Seligman estimated the number of innocent victims (men, women and children) at 3,000. They were killed in an infirmary where they were being treated for wounds received during the battle. Le tonton macoute tait assis seul une table, devant une bouteille de rhum et un verre moiti plein. This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 02:18.
Tonton Macoutes | Encyclopedia.com The Haitian Ministry of Justice, with the help of several international human rights groups such as the OAS-UN joint civilian mission (MICIVIH) and the International Lawyers Office, prosecuted several individuals involved in murders and human rights violations. Several of the persons responsible for the killing (prison guards and soldiers) were tried and acquitted in July 1917. The first six were adolescents. [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life.
Tonton Macoute - Rate Your Music Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1990. The killings were part of Operacion Perijil (perijil, parsley in Spanish, a word that Haitians were allegedly unable to pronounce without betraying their origin; those who failed to do so were killed on the spot). Originally published in 1970, this is the story of Haiti under the rule of Dr. Fran ois Duvalier. History In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). [4], On New Year's Eve Romain, who had taken refuge in the embassy of the Dominican Republic after the September coup, was granted safe passage out of the country, having been granted political asylum by the Dominican Republic. On October 5, the Dominican army closed the border to prevent Haitians from escaping.
Haiti: a long descent to hell | Haiti | The Guardian 44 ratings5 reviews. Hurbon, Laennec, Comprendre Hati, Karthala, , 1987. Even the most conservative estimate makes it one of the largest massacres on a single day in Latin America in the 20th century. Members: Paul French (keyboards, vocals), [] OpenSubtitles2018.v3. He collected blood from prisoners who had been tortured and killed and sold it for $22 a pint to U.S. health groups. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. He would also go on to sell cadavers to medical schools after buying them from Haitian hospitals for $3 per corpse. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes (its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). To counteract this threat, he created a military force that bore several names. Following Stalins death in 1953, the NKVDs atrocities were halted by Nikita Khrushchev, with many living victims absolved of their crimes. Available at:http://www.ijdh.org/2001/06/archive/brian-concannon-justice-for-haiti-the-raboteau-trial/. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, II. La Rpublique autoritaire, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. After the country's first free elections in 1991, the new president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, was forced to flee after a coup by corrupt military figures keen to control lucrative cocaine smuggling routes. Furthermore, on December 5, US air forces bombed the port of the city of Les Cayes, in the South of the country, one day before the December 6 killing, in order to intimidate the population.
Tonton Macoutes (Milice Volontaires de la Securite Nationale - MSVN) After the fall and exile of Nord Alexis, the various political and military leaders responsible for the March 14 killing were tried and pardoned. Several families from Jrmie (the Sansericq, Drouin and Villedrouin families) were entirely wiped out. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators, turning the country into a hermit kingdom with a personality cult and corruption. Later on the same day, peasants from Guyton and Coligny, assisted by army soldiers from Saint-Marc, Artibonite, travelled to Gervais and carried out further killings in retaliation. Premier crasement du Cacoisme, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1981. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, III.
massacre 11 - Traduo em portugus - exemplos ingls | Reverso Context Dexter (television series) Season 1 Episode 9 (Father Knows Best) references Tonton Macoute, also referring to them as"The Boogymen". Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. Cuello, Jos Isreal, Documentos del conflicto domnico-haitiano de 1937. The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. In the northeastern region alone, up to 15,000 individuals were killed, most of them with machetes, between the 2nd and the 8th of October. The Gestapo in a sense became somewhat of a paramilitary force as well during the war. The founder and leader of FRAPH, Emmanuel Toto Constant, lives in exile in the United States, in spite of pressure from human rights organizations to have him extradited to Haiti. With Andrea Fantauzzi, Aimee Zannoni, Esteban Dager, Edem Atsu-Swanzy. Following Ceausescus removal from power in 1989, the Securitate survived two more years, until it was disbanded and reorganized by Romanian Parliament. Observers note that the poor were the main target of repression, although many well-known figures from the middle class, such as Aristides Minister of Justice, Guy Malary, and businessman Antoine Izmry, were also murdered by paramilitary groups. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation of human rights in Haiti, Portrait of a Folk-Hero: Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, The More things change-- human rights in Haiti, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Jean_Bosco_massacre&oldid=1136679075, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 15:59. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1988-1989, Washington, D.C., 1990. Michel, Georges, Le Procs des auteurs du massacre du 27 juillet 1915, Revue de la socit hatienne dhistoire et de gographie no. A few weeks earlier, several young, light-skinned members of the Communist Party, a political party persecuted by the regime, including Alex Lamaute and Roger Mhu, had taken refuge in this town, assuming that they would blend into a population regarded as generally light-skinned (for having harbored many Polish soldiers after the war of independence). Benoit, G., Harnessing History to Development: the Story of Cazale, Trinity College, Haiti Papers no. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books.
Tonton Macoute - JazzRockSoul.com To this day, no judicial inquiry has been opened on this event. As a result of their political indifference, March 29, 1969 became known as the worst day for the people of Cazale as Duvalier's Tonton Macoute (private army), built a barricade around Cazale, and murdered many young men. Available at:http://www.haiti.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/vrit_justice.pdf, Concannon, Brian, Justice for Haiti; The Raboteau Trial, 2001. Martissant, des Tontons Macoutes aux gangs arms - Le Nouvelliste Soldiers collected several bodies, which were not seen again. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The OCRB became a widely feared secret police and intelligence agency that showed little impunity when it came to those suspected of banditry, and soon the OCRB was essentially deciding at will, without trial, who would be tortured or executed of suspected crimes, guilty or not. Turits (2003: 169) also contended that Dominican civilians did not participate in the killings, contrarily to Castors perception of the events (1988), as well as that of Haitian collective memory. 1991 (September 30, October 1): Coup. The total number of political prisoners who starved to death, were executed, or died under torture in public or private prisons remains unknown. 1937 (October): In the neighboring Dominican Republic, dictator Trujillo ordered the slaughter of 17,000 to 20,000 Haitian migrants and Dominicans of Haitian origin by the Dominican army (the conventional number in the Dominican Republic is 17,000, although Saez (1988: 60) puts it at 20,000 ; Turits (2002: 590) calculated a total of 15,000 killed). According to Pierre-Charles (1973), the urban lumpenproletariat was the social background of most macoutes. The fact that most of the victims were killed with machetes indicates that this was an attempt to terrorize the population and impede the voting process on that day. Students were crushed. By
Tonton in French - English-French Dictionary | Glosbe Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). Several dozens of individuals believed to be werewolves or witches were lynched by the mob. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. A Macoute from the Duvalier era. 1969 (April 5): Event known as the massacre de Cazale. In the village of Cazale (sometimes spelled Casale or Casal), North of Port-au-Prince, army soldiers and macouteskilled several dozen peasant families.
Stop the massacres in Haiti: End US and UN support for the criminal Even after Papa Doc died in 1971 there was no respite for Haiti. Repression of these movements followed, then an armed rebellion erupted in January and February 2004. After Baby Doc was forced to flee in 1986, the Tonton Macoutes were . Edwidge Danticat is the best-selling author of Claire of the Sea Light and Brother, I'm Dying. Among many awards and honors, she received the 2017 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. The most notorious of the camps, Tuol Sleng, is said to have held up to 20,000 prisoners between 1976 and 1978; only seven of those prisoners are known to have survived the camp. While executions were not as widespread as other secret police forces, torture was a matter of course, with many political prisoners left in solitary confinement for lengthy periods of time, deprived of sleep and burned, either by cigarette, grills or even acid. Duvalier created the militia, because he felt threatened by the Haitian army. Jolibois, Grard, LExcution des frres Coicou, Port-au-Prince, Le Natal, 1988. Furthermore, Santebal was a major instrument of the Cambodian genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge. In exuberance of celebration the Tonton Macoute went out into the streets and shot 27 people for the national party. Shortly afterward, killings resumed in the southern part of the border region and lasted throughout the first six months of 1938; several hundred Haitians were killed during this period (several thousands according to Dominican historian Juan Manuel Garcia, 1983). As such, the role of the Gestapo changed as well, from merely secret police force tasked with intelligence and oppression of enemies ofthe Nazis within Germany, to those in the occupied territories as well. One of the killings has remained in collective memory as the massacre of the peasants of Thiotte. Men, women, children, infants and elderly people suspected either of having helped the guerrilla movement, or of not having opposed it, were slaughtered by the macoutes. Those who spoke out against Duvalier would disappear in the night and were never seen again. The approximate number of civilians and unarmed combatants killed during the civil war remains unknown but, according to historian Roger Gaillard, the peasants paid a heavy price.. It's likely the most familiar name on the 1971 debut album by British jazz-rockers Tonton Macoute isn't that of any band member or even engineer Martin Rushent (who went on to produce the Buzzcocks, Stranglers and Dr Feelgood among many others). 1994 (April 22): Event known as the massacre de Raboteau. In Raboteau, a shantytown of Gonaives, Artibonite, army soldiers and FRAPH members killed 14 opponents to the regime in a well-planned operation. macoutes Sony Borges and Grard Brunache extinguished their cigarettes in the eyes of crying children. The total number of victims was close to a hundred. [citation needed], In 1985 the United States began to shut down funds to Haitian aid, cutting nearly a million dollars from it within a year. He was overthrown and exiled on September 30, 1991. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Anyone who challenged the MVSN risked assassination. [6] However, since no material evidence had been brought to the commission, no charges were brought against Lavoie. In 1991, the Minister of Justice of President Aristides first government accused Frank Romain, who was Mayor of Port-au-Prince at the time, of having organized the killing and hence, requested his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, but to no avail. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. Haiti since Duvalier, Touchstone, 1990. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. He has since published numerous books, Papa Doc: The Truth About Haiti Today (1969) and, most recently, Seeds of Fiction: Graham Greene's Adventures in Haiti and Central America, 1954-1983 (2012). Many times they put the corpses of their victims on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see and take as warnings against opposition.