Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. PubMed Int J Epidemiol. Richter et al. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. 2011;343:5224. millimeter, or equivalently. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005;360:6577. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. 2013;42:428. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Front Neurosci. PLoS One. . 2012;25:1828. Bioelectromagnetics. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 1984;4:285665. 2013;17:711. BMJ. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. 2014;12:75. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Bioelectromagnetics. J Neurosci Methods. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. 2016;25:31827. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Physiol Behav. Article Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. daily life. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Article 2013;73:4737. Xu et al. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. 1996;180:917. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2003;140:147. Nature. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Article Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Smythe JW, Costall B. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Gold PE. Cite this article. Bioelectromagnetics. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Biochem J. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. 2014;70:84555. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 1999;9:3438. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;80:194210. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;3:4650. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. J Electromagnet Anal. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Am J Epidemiol. 2014:125. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA J Neurosci. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. 2003;11:346. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Bioelectromagnetics. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Mol Brain Res. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. 2010;473:525. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . 1999;4:102. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. 2004;2004:19. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007;210:63544. The conclusions are shown in Table3. 2006;12:44651. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. 2009;72:20514. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Clinics. JAMA. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. J Med Food. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 1993;13:41322. 1984;5:6370. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. 2012;112:1715. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Koch C, Zador A. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Megha et al. 2015;91:55561. Interphone study group. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. 2 Researchers have been working. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Xu et al. PubMed Central Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. 2012;31:25074. Chin J Indus Hyg. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Springer Nature. 2006;5:389. 1996;93:46938. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. as it have a harmful side. 2005;25:10190201. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Dasdag et al. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Brain Res. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Mack et al. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. 2013;89:11007. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. 2004;23:20114. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Neurotoxicology. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Mol Neurobiol. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Terms and Conditions, 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs.