is the dissolution of urea a spontaneous process

Is this process endo. All box sizes also offer an optional lid and DURABOX labels. Contact the team at KROSSTECH today to learn more about DURABOX. The different possible ways for arranging the particles of a system are called _____. Neutron Total Scattering Investigation of the Dissolution Mechanism of Trehalose in Alkali/Urea Aqueous Solution. Multiple select question. Enthalpy change of solution for urea is endothermic ; heat is absorbed from its surrounding during dissolution ; thus causing the surrounding tempe Layer-wise agglomeration processes involve the deposition of a layer of particles onto a core/seed that is denser than the layer. In addition, most carbonate rocks The second law of thermodynamics states that the total _____ of the universe will _____ for any spontaneous process. In addition, a layer-wise agglomeration process was also studied to evaluate the effect of layering on the porous structures of the granules and their nutrient release kinetics. They are also fire resistant and can withstand extreme temperatures. A test of improved force field parameters for urea: molecular-dynamics simulations of urea crystals. Qin H, Ma C, Grtner S, Headen TF, Zuo T, Jiao G, Han Z, Imberti S, Han CC, Cheng H. Struct Dyn. Protect your important stock items, parts or products from dust, humidity and corrosion in an Australian-made DURABOX. Assume no change in K+ concentrations during this process, A process at constant and can be described as spontaneous if and nonspontaneous if . 2021 Jan 15;252:117122. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117122. 8600 Rockville Pike Rheological behaviors and miscibility of mixture solution of polyaniline and cellulose dissolved in an aqueous system. eCollection 2021 Jan. Arajo D, Alves VD, Marques AC, Fortunato E, Reis MAM, Freitas F. Bioengineering (Basel). Therefore, a large particle density would increase the dissolution time. Therefore, in this work, an unusual set of characterization methods for cellulose solutions, such as cryo-transmission electronic microscopy (cryo-TEM), polarization transfer solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (PTssNMR) and diffusion wave spectroscopy (DWS) were employed to study the role of urea on the dissolution and gelation processes of cellulose in aqueous alkali. Urea dissolution occurs in three stages: a relatively fast initial stage, a slower intermediate stage, and a final stage. Whether used in controlled storeroom environments or in busy industrial workshops, you can count on DURABOX to outlast the competition. Disclaimer. Purification and rapid dissolution of potassium sulfate in aqueous solutions. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Cryo-transmission electronic microscopy (cryo-TEM) images of 0.5 wt % MCC dissolved in (, Polarization transfer solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (PTssNMR) spectra for 10 wt % MCC dissolved in 8 wt % NaOH(aq. Given the balanced chemical equation CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g), which of the following equations should be used to calculate the total entropy change for this reaction? Mehrez et al. Which statements correctly describe the entropy changes that occur when an ionic solid dissolves in water? 2016;17:28732881. Carl R. Wassgren: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing review & editing. Mol Pharm. As a spoon of sugar is put in the hot coffee, sugar molecules gain more energy from the heat and the particles go to more energy states, so the crystalline sugar structure is eventually dissolved in the coffee. If we know that the entropy change for a reaction is x J/K and the system absorbed y kJ of heat during that reaction, what is the temperature at which this occurred (in K)? )Using the temperature of the saurated solution you made and the value of K eq, calculate Delta G for the dissolution of urea. National Library of Medicine Which of the following is the best explanation how this process is able to obey the second law of thermodynamics that all spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the universe? For a reaction to be spontaneous, the sum of the entropies of the system and the surroundings needs to be positive. G (full symbols) and G (empty symbols), ( a ) Intensity correlation function (ICF) obtained with increasing temperature for the, Variation of the H parameter with temperature for the 5 wt % (grey, Variation of the H parameter with temperature for the 5 wt % (black, MeSH Which of the following statements correctly describe the general trends in standard entropy? If Hsys is negative, Ssurr will be positive. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Match each symbol in the equation S = k ln W correctly with its meaning. Select all that apply. Especially in porous solids such as granular urea fertilizers, uncontrolled dissolution leads to soil and water contamination from nutrient leaching. Match each state of matter with the appropriate characteristics at standard state. Alves L, Medronho B, Filipe A, Romano A, Rasteiro MG, Lindman B, Topgaard D, Davidovich I, Talmon Y. Carbohydr Polym. 2019 Jan 15;9(4):2156-2161. doi: 10.1039/c8ra08284g. Select all that apply. WebQuestion: A student dissolved some urea in water and calculated the deltaH of solution to be 14 kJ/mol at 25C. (and faster dissolution). You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. For higher cellulose concentrations, the samples containing urea form gels even at room temperature. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. giffard pineapple cocktail. (, Variation of the H parameter with temperature for the 5 wt % (grey squares) and 10 wt % (black circles) MCC samples dissolved in NaOH(aq.). doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.015. When an external source of energy drives a non-spontaneous process, it moves in a specific direction. Multiple select question. Walters MG, Mando AD, Matthew Reichert W, West CW, West KN, Rabideau BD. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O() Ssys = -327 J/K Urea dissolves in water. bond. A new dissolution method, a two-step process, for cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous system was investigated with 13C NMR, wide X-ray diffraction (WXRD), and solubility test. 2016;23:247258. Save Question 4 (10 points) 9 10 Is the dissolution of urea a spontaneous process? The particles of the surroundings have _____ freedom of motion and Ssurr therefore _____. If this process is spontaneous, what must be true about the entropy change of the surroundings? The role of urea in the solubility of cellulose in aqueous quaternary ammonium hydroxide. Vaporization of a substance Which of the following correctly describes the first law of thermodynamics? These results are consistent with PTssNMR data, which show the reduction and in some cases the absence of crystalline portions of cellulose in solution, suggesting a pronounced positive effect of the urea on the dissolution efficiency of cellulose. zpnar GA, Beierlein FR, Peukert W, Zahn D, Clark T. J Mol Model. The growth regime is dependent on the interplay between dissipative (viscous/friction forces) and conservative (capillary forces) forces [11]. National Library of Medicine Since entropy is a state function, the total entropy change for a process is given by S _____ - S _____. Molecular Simulation on the Thermal Stability of Meta-Aramid Insulation Paper Fiber at Transformer Operating Temperature. Freezing point depression is one of the colligative properties; it depends on the concentration of the solute, but not on its identity. A quick ans Use the values provided in the table below. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Does this reaction cause an increase or decrease in entropy for the system and its surroundings? Choose from more than 150 sizes and divider configurations in the DURABOX range. The methane gas upon small energy gain (temperature elevation) burns spontaneously in the air until it is all burned. eCollection 2019 Jan 14. NaOH; cellulose; cryo-transmission electronic microscopy; gelation; hydrophobic interactions; microrheology; polarization transfer solid-state NMR; urea. evans high school jv basketball. Which of the following statements correctly describe the general trends in standard entropy? Cryo-TEM reveals that the addition of urea generally reduces the presence of undissolved cellulose fibrils in solution. A simple model (Eq. Oxidation of 1mol of a typical dietary fat like tristearin (C57H116O6) yields enough energy to form 458mol of ATP. Webis the dissolution of urea a spontaneous process. The arrows indicate the. RSC Adv. 2007 May 7;342(6):851-8. doi: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.12.023. Which of the following factors increase the likelihood that a reaction will be spontaneous? Ssys = 30 J/K; Ssurr = 10 J/K Yes se onse No Save Question 5 (10 points) Is the dissolution of urea H2O (l) H2O (s); Ssys = -22 J/K Both conventional mechanical macrorheology and microrheology (DWS) indicate a significant delay of gelation induced by urea, being absent until ca. Entropy is the measurement of the transition from order to disorder in the cosmos. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This site needs JavaScript to work properly. is a spontaneous process at 25 C even though the standard entropy change of the preceding reaction is negative (S =-44.7 JK-1). PMC NCONH. The experimental approach evaluated the solidification ratio (shell thickness over the total particle radius) of urea particles cut in half using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Spontaneous. 2. However, dissolution time is also driven by the solubility and diffusivity properties of the formulation [8]. If the system is at equilibrium, what is the value of Ssurr under these conditions? energy. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The process shown above is spontaneous at temperatures below 0oC, even though the entropy of the system is decreasing. Alkaline solvents. Especially in porous solids such as granular urea fertilizers, uncontrolled dissolution leads to soil and water contamination from nutrient leaching. Everything you need for your studies in one place. SHOW your work and be sure to include units. A system is in a state of when Suniv = 0. DURABOX products are manufactured in Australia from more than 60% recycled materials. By carrying out simulations at different temperatures, we show that urea dissolution is an activated process, with an activation energy of 32 kJ mol-1. Epub 2018 Jan 8. The site is secure. In this work, a dry compaction method and a bilayer granulation process were compared to investigate their ability to control the nutrient release from granular urea fertilizers. Stotal = Ssystem +S surroundings >0. [6] studied the cooling-solidification process of urea particles in a prilling tower using a numerical approach, considering hydrodynamics, energy and mass balances, and experimental validation. Box sizes start from 300mm (D) x 100mm (W) x 95mm (H) and range all the way up to 600mm (D) x 300mm (W) x 95mm (H). 2015 Mar 19;119(11):4275-83. doi: 10.1021/jp512358s. Select all that apply. he first law of thermodynamics states that _____ is always conserved. Interesting question. Acids must react with a base. A base must react with an acid. That is inviolable. Therefore, what youre saying is: if you pu Select all that apply. Which of the following conditions are specified by standard state conditions? What is G ? (a) A computer is constructed from iron, copper, carbon, silicon, gallium, and arsenic. The greater the number of these states, the _____ the entropy of the system. Rank the following compounds in order of decreasing standard molar entropies. Suniv = -27.2 J/molK advantages and disadvantages of high scope curriculum; subway raspberry cheesecake )Calculate the concentration of the urea in a saturated olution. The significantly higher dissolution half-time and third quartile time for gum-added core granules at 100 MPa is related to the interaction between microstructure and The gelation of cellulose in alkali solutions is quite relevant, but still a poorly understood process. H. 2. With double-lined 2.1mm solid fibreboard construction, you can count on the superior quality and lifespan of all our DURABOX products. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Explain. The of a system, symbolized by the letter S, is related to the number of different possible ways the energy of a system can be dispersed. Biomacromolecules. Home. Select all that apply. -Gases are at a pressure of 1 atm. Multiple select question. What is the main driving force for this reaction? Epub 2020 Sep 29. The formation of water from its elements is exothermic (Hsys = -572 kJ/mol) and spontaneous although the reaction results in a large decrease in the entropy of the system: Predict the sign of the system's entropy change in each of the following processes. how old is judge hatchett; gary cunningham prosperity now; arsenal results 1975 76. tony montana quotes with the right woman; farmington fatal accident 2020 Feb 6;10(10):5919-5929. doi: 10.1039/c9ra07989k. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Epub 2013 Feb 14. Smaller box sizes are available with a choice of one, two, three or four dividers, while the larger box sizes come with an option for a fifth divider. When H2O(l)and D2O(l)are mixed, the following reaction occurs spontaneously: There is little difference between the enthalpy of an OHbond and that of anOD bond. While many soluble compounds do, indeed, dissolve with the release of heat, some dissolve endothermically. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Then, calculate K eq for the dissolution of urea. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Our simulations give no indication of a significant diffusion layer, and we conclude that the detachment of molecules from the crystal is the rate-determining step for dissolution. Freezing is exothermic; the surroundings increase in entropy. WebQuestion: Save Question 4 (10 points) 9 10 Is the dissolution of urea a spontaneous process? 2004 Mar 16;20(6):2086-93. doi: 10.1021/la035995o. Select all that apply. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal With mixing, the process is only facilitated as sugar molecules are more separated and thus may have more even heat distribution (and faster dissolution). PMC The main process of fluid movement between the fracture and matrix is spontaneous imbibition (SI), which can occur in co/countercurrent fluid flow states. Select all that apply. -The mobility of H2O molecules in such a solution is reduced since they are arranged in a specific way around the dissolved ions. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The core granules were then drum granulated along with a known percent of fines and water to produce bilayer granules. It is refreshing to receive such great customer service and this is the 1st time we have dealt with you and Krosstech. An official website of the United States government. Langmuir. 7 JK-1. Multiple choice question. Posted on June 11, 2022 by . Exothermic O Endothermic D Neither Save atus Question 6 (10 points). (1) shows that particle density is directly proportional to the dissolution time. Question 10. In order to find the K eq of urea we need to know the 2012 Aug 13;13(8):2370-8. doi: 10.1021/bm3006243. Select all that apply. Core granules compacted at 100MPa showed a significant decrease in the dissolution rate compared to less dense systems, such as core granules at 50MPa, bilayer, and market urea granules. -, Alves L., Medronho B., Antunes F.E., Topgaard D., Lindman B. Dissolution state of cellulose in aqueous systems. Calculate the cost in free energy to move1.00 mol K+ through cell wall by active transport. WebAnalysis of fluid flow in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs), as a highly heterogeneous and complex system, requires a detailed study of the fracture-matrix interactions. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. and transmitted securely. Ssurr is inversely proportional to temperature. Careers. (Hint: the dissolution was spontaneous.) Epub 2012 Jul 3. Holmberg N, Chen JC, Foster AS, Laasonen K. Phys Chem Chem Phys. Ssys = -20 J/K; Ssurr = 25 J/K. 2016;151:707715. entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is zero at 0 K. Microstates. Low Temperature Dissolution of Yeast Chitin-Glucan Complex and Characterization of the Regenerated Polymer. Which of the following reactions are predicted to have a positive value for Srxn? Urea granule microstructure optimization can also reduce the costs of sustainable urea fertilizer products by minimizing the use of large quantities of high-added value biodegradable coatings and binders. The specific objectives of this study are to 1) design a dry granulation process and a layer agglomeration process using drum granulation and 2) assess the effectiveness of formulation and granulation processes (dry or wet) in delaying the nutrient release. For elements with two allotropic forms, the one that is more mobile will have a greater value for standard entropy. 8600 Rockville Pike For instance, one study found that a dense biopolymer coating controls the nutrient release from granular urea fertilizers [4]. When heat is transferred from the system to the surroundings, the amount of energy that is dispersed is greater when the temperature is low. - Entropy is a measure of the energy dispersal of a system A promising approach to tailor granular density is through layer-wise agglomeration, widely known as the seed granulation process. -gases: pressure of 1 atm How something can be arranged. For instance, inhomogeneity in heat and mass transfer rates triggers anisotropic solid-phase transformation of urea products manufactured using prilling or wet granulation methods. Sign up for free to discover our expert answers. H. 2. Serving Denver's small businesses. grimsby live car crash / seabrook nh zoning ordinance / seabrook nh zoning ordinance Disclaimer. thermic? The short answer to the question comes down, basically, to the fact that dissolving urea into water is an endothermic reaction. This means that it Yang J, Medronho B, Lindman B, Norgren M. Polymers (Basel). Spontaneity can not be determined from the information given. Select all that apply. In addition, select the statement(s) that explain(s) why. Which of the following reflect this relationship (at constant pressure)? Now, put the value of given data in above equation. Download : Download high-res image (149KB)Download : Download full-size image. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Dissolution of ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic reaction, yet it is a spontaneous process. 2 (s) . These results show that densification and formulation design can help control the release of urea from granular fertilizers with the potential of reducing leaching losses and pollution. The of a system, symbolized by the letter S, is related to the number of different possible ways the energy of a system can be dispersed. A direct correlation between pore size distribution and disintegration and dissolution times has been established for immediate release pharmaceutical formulas [[1], [2], [3]]. KROSSTECH is proud to partner with DURABOX to bring you an enormous range of storage solutions in more than 150 sizes and combinations to suit all of your storage needs. Diffusion of small drugs, Effect of drying rate on porosity and tableting behavior of cellulose pellets, Disintegration, and release kinetics of dry compacted urea composites: a formulation and process design study, Computer-aided product design granule dissolution, Characterization of the pore structure of functionalized calcium carbonate tablets by Terahertz Time-domain spectroscopy and X-ray computed microtomography. Webtemperature after urea just dissolved (final temp) = 20.73 degrees C Adding 4 grams of urea initial temperature = 21 degrees C volume of water added = 3.80 mL final temperature = 20.44 degrees C Adding 5 grams of urea initial temperature = 21 degrees C volume of water added = 4.70 final temperature = 20.82 degrees C 1. - The greater the freedom of motion of particles in a system, the greater the entropy of the system. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. There are challenges in the production of granular urea because of its high solubility [5] and highly porous internal structure [6] that can cause leaching of fertilizer byproducts and contamination of aquatic ecosystems. (b) A teaspoonful of sugar dissolves in a cup of hot coffee. 4 to better quantify the granulation rate processes. We show that the long intermediate stage is well described by classical rate laws, which assume that the dissolution rate is proportional to the active surface area. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Therefore, in this work, an unusual set of characterization methods for cellulose solutions, such as c -A more complex substance vs. a simpler substance in the same phase if their molar masses are similar FOIA -entropy of surrounding increases: exothermic The .gov means its official. The significantly higher dissolution half-time and third quartile time for gum-added core granules at 100 MPa is related to the interaction between microstructure and formulation design discussed in 3.2.2 Effect of granulation process on porosity and urea dissolution, 3.2.3 Effect of porosity distributions on the dissolution rate. Moreover, the role of certain additives, such as urea, is not consensual among the community. Would you like email updates of new search results? At a certain temperature, the change in entropy of the system is calculated to be Ssys. The combustion of glucose, represented by the equation C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (g), is an exothermic reaction. 2006 Jan;7(1):183-9. doi: 10.1021/bm0505585. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. What is the main driving force for this reaction? 2022 May 25;27(11):3395. doi: 10.3390/molecules27113395. -For elements with two allotropic forms, the one that is more mobile will have a greater value for standard entropy. Biomacromolecules. The third law of thermodynamics. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.03.011. Webthe entropy of the universe increases in a spontaneous process and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The typical potassium ion concentration in the fluid outside a cell is. RSC Adv. Colloid Surf. -. Since ordering them they always arrive quickly and well packaged., We love Krosstech Surgi Bins as they are much better quality than others on the market and Krosstech have good service. -Solutions are at a concentration of 1 M. 2015;483:257263. or ex. Instructions, -endothermic reaction: heat absorbed from surroundings What conclusion can you draw about the change in entropy of the surroundings in this process? Instructions, Which of the following statements correctly explain the increase in entropy that occurs when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid, or from a liquid to a gas? Molecular dynamics simulation of NaCl dissolution. Bookshelf Would you like email updates of new search results? The addition of gums as binder caused an additional delay in the dissolution rate, indicating that formulation design is essential in controlling nutrient release. Thank you., Its been a pleasure dealing with Krosstech., We are really happy with the product. The oxidation of 1mol of glucose supplies enough metabolic energy to form 36mol of ATP. a gas expands because matter tends to spread out. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00696. J Phys Chem B. Or you can choose to leave the dividers out altogether. A spontaneous process can move in a specific direction without the assistance of an external source of energy. The two steps were as follows: (1) formation and swelling of a celluloseNaOH complex and (2) dissolution of the celluloseNaOH complex in Binders with small yield pressure improve bed mobility, which, consequently, facilitate densification [16,17]. Therefore, this is a spontaneous process. The wet granulation settings were selected based on the highest percentages of granules in the size range between 2 and 2.8mm and more uniformly coated. Carbohydr Res. Multiple select question. Variation of the H parameter with temperature for the 5 wt % (black squares) and 10 wt % (grey circles) MCC samples dissolved in 8 wt % NaOH(aq. Multiple select question. The reaction is highly exothermic and the surroundings increase in entropy. Webis the dissolution of urea a spontaneous process. Molecular dynamics of drug crystal dissolution: simulation of acetaminophen form I in water. Kingsly Ambrose: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing review & editing, Project administration. Therefore, this is a spontaneous process. Which of the following options correctly describe entropy? The dissolution rates for different water models can differ considerably, but the overall dissolution mechanism remains the same. A gas is generated from a liquid. 94% of StudySmarter users get better grades. Binder viscosity also affects the size and strength of the granules; low viscous systems are controlled by layering growth rather than coalescence [14]. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. When we dissolve urea in water then endothermic reaction take place due to which energy get absorbed from water so it get cold This suggests that the three-stage mechanism and classical rate laws might apply to the dissolution of other ionic and molecular crystals. Entropy is a thermodynamics concept that deals with energy. Needless to say we will be dealing with you again soon., Krosstech has been excellent in supplying our state-wide stores with storage containers at short notice and have always managed to meet our requirements., We have recently changed our Hospital supply of Wire Bins to Surgi Bins because of their quality and good price. In doi: 10.1007/s10570-015-0779-8. is the dissolution of urea a spontaneous process. On the role of hydrophobic interactions in cellulose dissolution and regeneration: Colloidal aggregates and molecular solutions. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Which of the following is an application of the second law of thermodynamics? -The energy of the particles increases during these phase changes. Place the compound with the highest entropy at the top of the list. Use the values provided in the table below. The .gov means its official. Sign up for free to discover our expert answers. -The standard state of an element is its most stable allotropic form at standard state temperature and pressure. )/12 wt % urea. 2CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2 (g). Question: The dissolution of calcium chloride in water. What effect does increasing the temperature of a gas have on its entropy, and why? A process that occurs under specified conditions without a continuous input of energy. (1)) can be used to describe the diffusion between a spherical particle and the surrounding fluid to illustrate the rate of change in particle radius with time [7].t=a02a2t.2ABMAcAwhere a is the particle radius (m) at dissolution time t (s), a0 is the initial spherical particle radius (m), AB is the diffusivity constant (m2/s) between solid sphere component A and fluid component B, MA is the molecular weight of species A (from the particle, kg/mol) in solution, is the particle density (kg/m3), and cA is the molar concentration of species A in the fluid B interface (mol/m3). Posted on 8 de June de 2022; By . WebOpen Menu. Shi X, Lu A, Cai J, Zhang L, Zhang H, Li J, Wang X. Biomacromolecules. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). What conclusion can you draw about the change in entropy of the surroundings in this process? Technical urea powder was used to perform the experiments (moisture content of 0.3% d.b., 100% purity, Rose Mills Co, West Hartford, CT). Uncategorized. The entropy of a perfect crystalline substance is 0 at 0 K. Select the definition of entropy in terms of the number of microstates over which the energy of a system can be dispersed. WebA process that can occur without a continuous input of energy is a (n) _____ process. government site. Less porous structures, i.e., higher compaction pressure to produce core granules, along with binder addition resulted in delayed dissolution rates due to binder migration and gelation at the solid-liquid interface. Multiple choice question. The effect of process and formulation variables to improve granule densification and tuning the dissolution profile of fertilizers have not been investigated in detail. Which of the following processes are spontaneous? [10]. government site. -The freedom of movement of the particles increases in the change solid liquid gas. Energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is driven by the continual input of energy from an external source.

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